Compare the great depression and to the great recession Essay

Contrast the extraordinary sorrow and with the incredible downturn - Essay Example After the theoretical blast of the 1920’s, Americans put incredible sums in the securities exchange. In any case, these were fundamentally financed through advances and just about two-third of the ostensible estimation of stocks was spoken to by advances in 1929. Quickened share costs propelled more noteworthy venture as individuals estimated that offer costs would keep on raising. Thus, a financial air pocket created and the edge purchasing implied that speculators would acquire extraordinary misfortunes if the market took a downturn. Correspondingly, the Great Recession came about because of theory about home loans and protections. It was a result of giving credits to homeownership to uncredit-commendable individuals. Home loan credits were made sure about with sold protections; so in view of edge purchasing, banks were very nearly liquidation when the market went into downturn. Milton Friedman in his book, A Monetary History of the United States advocates that the Great dis couragement was not a result of the financial cycles, taxes or the Wall Street Crash (Friedman and Schwartz). Indeed, what push the nation into misery was the breakdown of banks and money related establishments. Clearly, the equivalent can be said for the Great Recession. More than the genuine impacts of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the mental impacts discouraged interest in the capital markets. Thusly, business security influences work sureness so that is the reason a decline in capital venture prompted a diminishing in utilization. Be that as it may, the Wall Street Crashes caused liquidations, limitation on layaway, bombing organizations, rising joblessness, diminished cash flexibly and so forth. In like manner, the Great Recession prompted a decrease in universal exchange, expanded joblessness, and dropping ware costs. The chain of occasions from critical government spending to burden increments just irritated both the emergencies. In this manner, the pioneers focused on the substitutes, for example, the Wall Street Bankers for the emergencies.

Christopher McCandless Essay Example for Free

Christopher McCandless Essay Christopher Johnson McCandless (February 12, 1968 †August 1992) was an American explorer who received the assumed name Alexander Supertramp and wandered into the Alaskan wild in April 1992 with little food and hardware, planning to live essentially for a period in isolation. Very nearly four months after the fact, McCandlesss remains were discovered, weighing just 67 pounds (30 kg). It has as of late been guessed that Chris had created lathyrism, brought about by his utilization of seeds from a blossoming plant in the vegetable family which contain the neurotoxin ODAP. McCandlesss coming about loss of motion would have made a slow failure move, chase or scavenge and this could have prompted his demise from starvation. [1] His demise happened in a changed over transport utilized as a backwoods cover, close to Lake Wentitika in Denali National Park and Preserve. In January 1993, Jon Krakauer distributed McCandless story in that months issue of Outside magazine. Motivated by the subtleties of McCandlesss story, Krakauer composed and distributed Into the Wild in 1996 about McCandless ventures. The book was adjusted into a film via Sean Penn in 2007 with Emile Hirsch depicting McCandless. That equivalent year, McCandlesss story likewise turned into the subject of Ron Lamothes narrative The Call of the Wild. A full-length article on McCandless additionally showed up in the February 8, 1993 issue of The New Yorker magazine.[2] Earlier years[edit] Christopher McCandless was conceived in El Segundo, California, the first of two kids to Walter Walt McCandless and Wilhelmina Billie Johnson. Chris had one more youthful sister, Carine. In 1976, the family settled in Annandale, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., after his dad was utilized as a radio wire pro for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). His mom filled in as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft and later helped her better half with his effective locally established counseling organization in Annandale. Walt and Billie frequently battled and some of the time considered divorce.[citation needed] Chris and Carine had six half-kin living in California from Walts first marriage. Walt was not yet separated from his first spouse when Chris and Carine were conceived; nonetheless, Chris didn't find his dads undertaking until a late spring outing to Southern California[3] in 1986. This revelation made him hold a ton of harshness towards his dad, and could have b een a factor in his perspectives about society. At school, instructors saw McCandless was uncommonly solid willed.[citation needed][who?] Inâ adolescence he coupled this with serious vision and physical perseverance. In secondary school, he filled in as commander of the crosscountry group, asking colleagues to regard running as an otherworldly exercise in which they were running against the powers of haziness all the malice on the planet, all the hatred.[4] On June 2, 1986, McCandless moved on from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia. On June 10, McCandless set out on one of his first significant experiences in which he went all through the nation in his Datsun B-210, showing up at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, two days before the start of fall classes. His upper white collar class foundation and scholarly achievement were drivers for his scorn of what he saw as the vacant realism of society. McCandless was unequivocally impacted by Jack London, Leo Tolstoy, W. H. Davies and Henry David Thoreau. In his lesser year, he declined participation in the Phi Beta Kappa Society, on the premise that praises and titles were unessential. McCandless moved on from Emory on May 12, 1990, with a Bachelors certificate, twofold studying history and human sciences. He imagined isolating from composed society for a Thoreauvian time of lone consideration. Travels[edit] In May 1990, Christopher McCandless gave the remaining $24,000, given to him by a family companion for his law degree, to Oxfam International, a yearning anticipation good cause. Towards the finish of June, he started going under the name Alexander McCandless until later receiving the last name of Supertramp (Krakauer takes note of the association with Welsh creator W. H. Davies and his 1908 collection of memoirs The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp). The vast majority he experienced viewed him as smart and one who wanted to peruse. Before the finish of the late spring, McCandless cleared his path through Arizona, California and South Dakota, where he worked at a grain lift in Carthage. He endure a blaze flood, yet permitted his vehicle to clean out (in spite of the fact that it endured minimal changeless harm and was later reused by the neighborhood police power as a covert vehicle) and discarded his permit plate.[citation needed] In 1991, McCandless rowed a kayak down remote stretche s of the Colorado River to the Gulf of California. He crossed the outskirt to Mexico and, having lost all sense of direction in some impasse channels, was towed by duckhunters to the ocean, where he remained for quite a while. He invested wholeheartedly in getting by with at least apparatus and reserves, and for the most part made little readiness. Alaskan Odyssey[edit] For quite a long time, McCandless longed for an Alaskan Odyssey wherein he would live off the place where there is the Alaskan wild, far away from development, and discover himself[citation needed]. He kept a diary depicting his physical and profound advancement as he confronted the powers of nature. In April 1992, McCandless caught a ride from Enderlin, North Dakota, to Fairbanks, Alaska. He was most recently seen alive on April 28, 1992, by Jim Gallien, a nearby, who gave him a ride from Fairbanks to the leader of the Stampede Trail. Gallien was worried about Alex, who had negligible supplies (not so much as a compass) and no experience getting by in the Alaskan hedge. Gallien over and over attempted to convince Alex to concede his excursion, and even offered to drive him to Anchorage to purchase reasonable hardware and supplies. In any case, McCandless overlooked Galliens alerts, denying all help aside from a couple of Wellington rain boots, two fish liquefy sandwiches, and a sack of corn chips. Gallien permitted Chris to stray with the conviction that he would head back towards the thruway inside a couple of days as his possible yearning set in. In the wake of climbing along the snow-secured Stampede Trail, McCandless found a relinquished transport (around 40 miles (64 km) west of Healy) utilized as a chasing cover and stopped on a congested area of the path close to Denali National Park, and started to live off the land. He had 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of rice, a Remington self loading rifle with 400 rounds of .22LR hollowpoint ammo, a few books remembering one for nearby vegetation, and some outdoors hardware. He expected he could scavenge for plant food and chase game. For the following thirty days or somewhere in the vicinity, McCandless poached porcupines, squirrels, and fowls, for example, ptarmigans and Canada geese. On June 9, 1992, he figured out how to kill a moose; be that as it may, he neglected to protect the meat appropriately, and inside days it ruined and was secured with slimy parasites. His diary contains sections covering a sum of 112 days. These passages run from euphoric to dismal with McCandless evolving fortunes. In July, in the wake of living in the transport for a quarter of a year, he chose to leave, yet found the path back obstructed by the Teklanika River, which was then impressively higher and swifter than when he crossed in April. Obscure to McCandless, there was a hand-worked cable car that crossed the waterway just 1⠁„4 of a mile away from where he had recently crossed. In the 2007 narrative The Call of the Wild, proof is introduced that McCandless had a guide available to him, which ought to have helped him findâ another course to safety.[5] McCandless lived in the transport for an aggregate of 113 days. Sooner or later during that time, apparently close to the end, he posted a S.O.S. note approaching anybody passing by to help him since he was harmed and excessively powerless. The full note read: â€Å" Attention Possible Visitors. S.O.S. I need your assistance. I am harmed, close to death, and too frail to even think about hiking out. I am isolated, this is quite serious. For the sake of God, it would be ideal if you stay to spare me. I am out gathering berries close by and will restore tonight. Much thanks to you, Chris McCandless. August?[6] † Death[edit] On August 12, 1992, McCandless composed what are evidently his last words in his diary: Beautiful Blueberries. He tore the last page from Louis LAmours journal, Education of a Wandering Man, which contains a portion from a Robinson Jeffers sonnet titled Wise Men in Their Bad Hours: Deaths a furious meadowlark: yet beyond words madeSomething progressively equivalent to centuriesThan muscle and bone, is for the most part to shed weakness.The mountains are dead stone, the peopleAdmire or loathe their height, their discourteous quietness,The mountains are not mellowed or troubledAnd a couple of dead mens contemplations have a similar temper. His body was found in his camping bed inside the transport by Butch Killian, a neighborhood tracker, on September 6, 1992.[7] McCandless had been dead for over about fourteen days and gauged an expected 30 kilograms (66 lb). His official, undisputed reason for death was starvation. Krakauer proposes two variables may have added to McCandlesss demise. Initially, he was risking a marvel known as hare starvation because of expanded action, contrasted and the leanness of the game he was hunting.[8] Krakauer additionally theorizes that McCandless may have ingested poisonous seeds (Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) or a form that develops on them (Rhizoctonia leguminicola produces the harmful alkaloid swainsonine). Nonetheless, an article in Mens Journal expressed that broad research center testing appeared there was no poison present in McCandlesss food supplies. Dr. Thomas Clausen, the seat of the science and natural chemistry office at UAF said I destroyed that plant. There were no poisons. No alkaloids. Id eat it myself.[9] Analysis of the wild sweet peas, given as the reason for Chriss passing in Sean Penns film, turned up no poisonous mixes and there is certifiably not a solitary record in present day clinical writing of anybody being harmed by thisâ species of plant.[5] As one writer put it: H

I didnt get the admission decision I wanted. What do I do now COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

I didn’t get the admission decision I wanted. What do I do now COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This post was adapted from a previous version. By now you’ve checked your email and have learned that we released Fall 2017 entry admissions decisions. When you did read your decision,  I’m sure you went through a mix of emotions. Good or bad, there are some things  our waitlisted candidates and those who weren’t granted admission  should know going forward. So I’ve  gone through our archives to see which questions were frequently asked last year  and came up with a few things you should know now that decisions are live.  (If you haven’t heard back yet, keep an eye on your inbox as we have a handful more that will trickle out over the next few days.) The  Waitlist If you’ve been waitlisted that doesn’t mean your story has ended with SIPA. Your application showed a lot of promise, but in the end, there were more highly competitive candidates than we have seats for at SIPA. That can be tough to read, but the good news is  some of you will move from the waitlist to the admitted students list. Just be patient with us as it takes some time. Our waitlist isn’t ranked so I can’t tell you the likelihood of you being admitted. However, I can tell you that we’ll reexamine the waitlist starting May 2, 2017, and we’ll release final decisions for waitlisted candidates by July 1, 2017. (If you’re an international student, you’ll still have time to apply for a visa if you don’t procrastinate the process once you’re admitted off the waitlist.) If you want  to keep us informed of your academic and professional pursuits, we will only review new test scores and transcripts. So  if you’ve retaken the GRE/GMAT or TOEFL/IELTS or have taken additional quantitative coursework to support your application, feel free to send them along by April 30, 2017.  Just email us the documents, your name and application number to sipa_admission@sipa.columbia.edu with “Supplemental Waitlist Materials from  Your Name” in the subject line.  I would also recommend you send us everything at once instead of in batches over several weeks. And  if you  don’t  want to be considered for admission to SIPA anymore,  please  send us an email  at  sipa_admission@sipa.columbia.edu with your name and application number. Please keep in mind that  we cannot provide periodic updates on your standing.  Thus, you should only email us if you have a specific request regarding your waitlisted application  (e.g., to update your application or remove it from consideration). Appeal An Admissions  Decision The Admissions Committee reviews each application thoroughly and with great care. All decisions are final, and there isn’t an appeal process. Requesting Application Feedback If you tracked the blog when we were discussing Spring 2017 admission then you probably already know the answer. For those of you who dont, Im  just going to link you to those same resources.  Due to the volume of applications, we cannot offer individual feedback. I recommend you review our Evaluation Criteria and Requesting Feedback pages. Reapply To SIPA If you didn’t get the admission decision you were hoping for, you are welcome to reapply to SIPA.  As a reapplicant, you must abide by the same deadlines, fees and requirements as first-time applicants. As a benefit, you may reapply using the personal statement, reference letters, test scores and transcripts from this year’s application. But I encourage you to at least submit new essays (and possibly recommendation letters) as the questions change every year. When next year’s application goes live in mid-August 2017, email us at sipa_admission@columbia.edu with “Reapplicant Request To Use Past Materials for  Your Name” in the subject line and specify which of these materials you want to reuse. For details on reapplicant process, visit our Reapplication page. Thank Your Recommenders You’re either thinking “duh” or “oh yeah” with this step. It’s an obvious next step to take, but many applicants  still forget to do this.  And no matter the admissions decision, it’s a nice gesture to thank your  recommenders one more time for their help. They took time out of their busy schedules to write you a letter, and I’m sure they’re curious to know how things turned out. And if you weren’t admitted, this could be your chance to hear some words or wisdom and  ask them for suggestions on strengthening your application for next year. Saying Goodbye On behalf of the entire Admissions Committee, I want to thank you for your effort. We all got to know you through your application materials and it was an  honor to read about your achievements and ambitions for the future. If you ultimately decide to decline your admissions offer, remove yourself from the waitlist or  won’t  reapply next year, please  know that  we hope you’ll continue to develop your academic and professional experience for whatever your future might hold. And I wholeheartedly wish you luck in your future endeavors.

Power Leadership Power And Leadership - 846 Words

Power and Leadership This week, the author provided various kinds of powers in leadership as a tactics in order to influence their followers. The positions of power include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Having a legitimate power means the leaders are aware of their current position as their manager or supervisor and therefore their employees must follow their leadership. Leaders use reward power to control their followers by providing incentives or rewards such as promotion, pay increase, time off and more. Coercive power is the opposite of reward power. With coercive power, leaders uses punishment instead of rewards in order to motivate their followers. For example, leaders that use coercive powers may punish an employee by termination due to lack of work performance. Expert power is from the leaders ability to provide their knowledge and skills to the organization. Followers are motivated and influenced by these types of leaders due to their superior of k nowledge, their high level or work performance that they bring to the organization. The last power leader use to influence their followers is referent power. Leaders with referent power influence their followers due to their trust and respect to their followers. Leaders with referent power ensure the safety and the equal treatment they practice to their followers. The outcome of leaders that uses their referent power is the admiration from followers. (Daft, 2015) As a manger for a retailShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Power And Leadership1313 Words   |  6 Pages Leadership and Power (MICROSOFT) Bhaumik Oza BUS-567 Introduction Leadership is the ability of an individual to Lead or guide the other team of individuals, or an entire organization. The leader should have research skills as well as Practical skills and should have high ability of managing and executing the tasks. The qualities of an effective leadership can be use of superior mental energies and motivational powers to make their teams encouraged and determined to perform. According toRead MoreLeadership Power10268 Words   |  42 PagesReport: Leadership, Power Influence. {draw:frame} Which form of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is basedRead MoreLeadership and Power1689 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Power is a fascinating concept. Babies experience power related to obtaining nourishment and comfort; adults recognize how power affects their jobs, lifestyle and relationships. Sometimes, giving away power means you get more. 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Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson in the Napoleonic Wars

“A House for Mr. Biswas” by V.S.Naipaul Free Essays

Cultural Diversity or existance of different cultures plays an important role in the development of an individual’s identity. But when one culture assumes superiority over the other one, then it results in a clash between the two cultures. This conflict can make a person alienated and indifferent from the native society and his roots. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"A House for Mr. Biswas† by V.S.Naipaul or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jonathan h. Turner defines cultural conflict â€Å"as a conflict caused by differences in cultural values and beliefs that place people at odds with one-another.† (Sociology. p. 87) V.S.Naipaul’s novel â€Å"A House for Mr. Biswas† deals with the protagonist Mr Mohun Biswas’s search for identity in the multi-cultural society of Trinidad and the disintegration of the Tulsi family under the impact of westernization. The story however, in its larger perspective, is not just about a single individual but the story of an entire community and its struggle to emerge as a distinctive socio-cultural group, to grow as a sub-culture in the large Caribbean landscape. The novel is regarded as one of the best illustration of cultural diversity, conflict, assimilation and negotiation. It shows the dilution of Hinduism in the expatriate Indian community as a result of its contact with the surrounding creole society which imitates the Western life style, follows Christianity and speaks English. Cultural diversity is one of the most dominant themes of the novel. The Tulsi family and Honuman House represent Hindu culture. Gradually, coming under western influences, the orthodoxy of the Tulsi family begins to crumble. As a result of the process of assimilation and the impact of the west-oriented culture in Trinidad, certain aspects of Hindu culture take new forms that share aspects of both the cultures which ultimately lead to cultural hybridity. Mrs. Tulsi is very keen to preserve the Hindu culture. The daily puja or worship, and the various rituals prescribed by the religion are regularly performed in the house. For Mohun Biswas, the Tulsis represent a hollow cultural identity; – neither fully Creole, nor Indian, neither fully Hindu nor Christian. Under the influence of materialistic western culture the sacred Hindu religious practices gradually reduces to business and bargains. The westernized creole culture of Trinidadian society slowly weakens the traditional Hindu beliefs and customs. With the passing of time, the society moves towards the west and away from India leading to dilution of Hinduism. The Hindu rites and rituals are still practiced but the meaning has gone out of them. â€Å"For every puja Mrs. Tulsi tried a different pundit, since no pundit could please her as well as Hari. And, no pundit pleasing her, her faith yielded. She sent Sushila to burn candles in the Roman Catholic church; she put a crucifix in her room; and she had Pundit Tulsi’s grave cleaned for All Saints’ Day.† (p.551). On the other hand, Mohun Biswas was given the offer by the Tulsis to become a Tulsi son-in-law, for his sheer good blood â€Å"I can just look at you and see that you come from good blood.† (p.96). This sort of religious ambiguity and disintegration is the result of the impact of west-oriented culture of multiracial Trinidad on the Tulsi family. A House for Mr. Biswas also symbolizes cultural diversity in form of character’s indecisive way of life. Prakash, Brother-in-law of Mr. Biswas, refered to as W.C.Tuttle is one of such characters who is depicted as a follower of two cultural ethos- eastern and western. In his life, Hindu religious practices are common, † In one photograph W. C. Tuttle, naked except for dhoti, sacred thread and caste-marks, head shown except for the top-knot, sat crosslegged, fingers bunched delicately on his upturned soles, and meditated with closed eyes. † (p.486). This description is true obervation of Indian Hindu-Brahmin sensibility and daily performed activities. The following picture just next in Tuttle’s room portrays him as an advocator of western culture; his followed conduts justifies him as a complete image of an English gentleman, † W. C. Tuttle stood in jacket, trousers, collar, tie, hat, one well-shod foot on the running-board of a motorcar, laughing, his gold tooth brilliantly revealed.† (p.487). W.C. Tuttle’s changed self makes him the practitioner of double culture as it is in context of Naipaul. It does not merely describe the fusion of two different cultural-ethos, but also focuses on Author’s dilemma to tangle himself between the two diverse traditions. Following the two culture, later author reveals the caricature which unveiled his own truth when he calls this the â€Å"blending of East and West† (p.487). Additionally, the Tulsi household initially followed a food habit that was primarily Indian: Rice, Roti, Lentils, curried beans, bread, biscuits and the gradual shift in food habits is noticed in occasional indulgence to oyster, salmon and tinned food. Home-made bread had been the menu for breakfast along with fried tomatoes and dried pancakes. Christmas was incomplete without Suniti’s cake made with a fraudulent local Cherry brandy and Chinta’s ice-cream. Mrs Tulsi’s privileged sons had prunes and milk for brain exercises which Shama repeated with Anand in Port of Spain. The curious mixture of cultures in every aspect of the life of the Indian settlers is highlighted upon throughout the novel. Furthermore, despite having an established estate business, Tulsi sends her sons to the Roman Catholic college in Port of Spain for their education but she leaves her daughters uneducated. Mr Biswas and Shama also decide that Anand would go to college as â€Å"it would be cruel and foolish to give the boy nothing more than an elementary school education.† (p.512) Indian orthodox system for selecting spouses was later changes into freedom of ideas when the eldest son of family, Shekhar picks a presbyterian girl for marriage. Later, Tulsi agrees her most loving daughter, Shama’s marriage conducts in a registry office in place of grand ritual ceremony as generally happen in Indian context. This change also signifies the inclination of displaced people towards modern tradition of West. Similarly, Language is also seen in the novel as an important cultural signifier, chosen by the immigrants to assert their unique identity. The vocabulary of Mr Biswas and other characters in A House for Mr Biswas reflects marked influence of Indian religion, mythology and culture. Sometimes it is also used to the advantage of a secret language. At the same time the use of English is seen for show-off of superiority and as the language that of the colonials as noted below, â€Å"Ghany could follow their conversation. He disliked the way Indian women had of using Hindi as a secret language in public places. † (p.41) â€Å"You will be hearing from my solicitor,† Mr. Biswas said. â€Å"And those two rakshas you have with you. They too.† He disappeared again. The labourers, unaware of their identification with Hindu mythological forces of evil, unloaded. (p.408) There are many other instances in the novel which reflects the impact of western tradition on the Hindu abounding Tulsi family. The influence of western tradition, life style and growing aspiration for new change defines it clearly as they turn themselves into westerner by involving all type of works and professions which generally avoided by diasporic people long back. How to cite â€Å"A House for Mr. Biswas† by V.S.Naipaul, Papers

Good Enough free essay sample

We all search for acceptance. Whether it be social acceptance, acceptance from our parents, or even self acceptance, we all want it. And we all deserve it. But I think we all have felt like we dont really fit in or weve been taken for granted at one point or another. Even if we try to hide it to make ourselves look better, that longing to be noticed and to be appreciated will always be there. But what is acceptance? What is that feeling that we all are looking for? Is acceptance really just to be noticed or to be thanked for our efforts? Or is it more than that? I think acceptance is a more selfish concept that isnt measured by how many people like you or how many times we are thanked; but as self recognition, acknowledgments of our achievements and the challenges we overcame to achieve them. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Enough or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acceptance is recognizing self worth and building self esteem. Most people think acceptance involves other people to accept us, but we look to them to accept us because we dont accept ourselves. With that said, you could probably guess that Im very interested in psychology and have decided to declare that as my major at your institution. I have known that psychology was what I wanted to pursue since the seventh grade. At the age of twelve years old, I was the product of abuse; verbal, mental and physical. I was also the product of a single mother who did her best to raise me on her own. Im not a stranger to neglect. My father was absent in my life as a young child, and still is. I am a product of divorce and as a result, succumbed to depression. But that is all in my past. My past has definitely influenced me, but it will not control me. Rather, it has given me a mold to break. An example to live by or avoid. A way of life to distance from, or to embrace. My dark past has paved a dark road which I will not travel by. Through all of my experiences, I have made it out alive. I have survived the most difficult times of my life and it has made me a better person, a stronger one . I have overcome my depression and learned to deal with my past; and this is what made me appreciate psychology. The help that was given to me in my time of need, is what I want to give to others suffering from experiences like my own. Getting the help I needed opened my eyes to the opportunities to help others just like myself, when help seems so out of reach. I want to be able to use those negative experiences as a way to help other people put their life back together and feel good enough. Good enough to keep moving forward when the going gets tough, good enough to live their life and take advantage of all it has to offer, good enough to love again; others and themselves, good enough to not have to look to others for acceptance anymore. Good enough to accept their past and themselves, because they are good enough.

Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Example Essay Example

Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Example Paper Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Introduction Why Abortion should be illegal BY rnwitry0993 Why Abortion Should Be Illegal Many people around the world view abortion as a normal life event for many women. However, people are unaware of the psychological effect this leaves on the women. More is lost than Just a baby. Mind, body, and loved ones can also be involved in effects from an abortion. The father and society as a whole are two other large things to consider into the situation of abortion. More than likely abortion has occurred or been related to every person in some way considering that â€Å"One baby is aborted every 26 seconds in the United States. Minnesota Citizens) Christopher Jacoby tells us in his article, â€Å"Side Effects of Abortion,† that â€Å"The thought of abortion for some women can be a source for emotional and mental disorder. Many women see that they have the choice to decide. † Oacoby) However, there are other people involved. Abortion not only affects the women that have them. The psycho logical effects of an abortion affect the mother, father and society and therefore abortion should be illegal. The first person that comes to mind when thinking about an abortion is the mother. She is the person who will have to suffer the physical pain of birthing a child. The woman is mentally affected in different ways. James C. Coyne author of â€Å"Negative Mental Health Effects of Abortion† tells us, women who have had a history of abortion have increased rates of anxiety, depression, alcohol misuse, marijuana use, and suicidal behavior compared to those who have not had an abortion. Women who have aborted are at a 55% higher risk of mental health problems compared to a woman with an unplanned pregnancy that research analyst Kira Foster, and Professor Tracy Weitz, 21 women who have had abortions were interviewed. This study explored the experiences of women who had egative emotional outcomes following abortion. Several of the participants had experienced more than one a bortion. Eighteen of the women reported having experienced emotional difficulty which included crying, anxiety, sadness and regret. The abortion experience was especially difficult when the woman’s romantic or sexual partner expressed a specific wish or pressure for the outcome of the pregnancy. How the family members respond to the pregnancy also affects the woman’s decision for an abortion. Why Abortion should be illegal Essay Body Paragraphs Some participants in this study say, they felt ‘backed into a corner’ to have the abortion even though they wanted to continue the regnancy. The shame of an abortion as well as lack of emotional support contributes to the women’s emotional and psychological distress post-abortion. (Kimport) This is a story that authors Ruth Kelly and Eimear O’Hagan tells of how abortion can mentally affect someone’s life. A woman named Sarah Giles tells how she had an abortion. She said, ‘l was only six weeks pregnant when I had my abortion, and even then I had bonded with my baby. She is proof that there are early connections toa living being. She also tells us, ‘It was two years ago and I haven’t been the same since. She continues to describe the day she went for her abortion. There were about 20 other woman going in that day and they were all herded in like cattle. It was horrible. ‘ After her abortion she saw many women around her sobbing , and the staff sitting in the office Just ignoring them all. Sarah tells how two years after the abortion she still feels regret and that she and her boyfriend made the wrong choice and the abortion nearly split them up. She also says how she sees pregnant women or mothers with young children who are so happy and thinks to herself, that couldVe been me,’ and it makes her cry. (O’Hagan) This story provides strong evidence of how mentally effected this woman was from her abortion. Women usually experience emotional side effects of an abortion. Minnesota Citizens Concerned for life state that â€Å"78% of all Americans believe women who have had an abortion commonly experience severe to very severe negative emotional reactions to the abortions. (Minnesota Citizens) According to Christopher Jacoby, â€Å"These side effects are sometimes referred to as post-traumatic stress. Effects include feelings of guilt that lead to eating disorders. Women can experience disturbance s in family life and sexual life. Stress can result in being fired from a workplace because when she is stressed, she might not be able to work properly. They may also not feel like giving birth to another child in the future. † Oacoby) A woman is highly emotionally and mentally affected from an abortion and also physically affected. These emotions and effects can come from any method of abortion. Jacoby tells us, one method is surgical abortion which is performed by means of surgery using tools and anesthesia to physically remove the baby. Some smaller effects include vomiting and nausea. Some other possible effects include bleeding which is usually common. In some cases the uterus gets punctured or cervix is torn; this might lead to intense bleeding following a blood transfusion to control it. The use of anesthesia is important but can also cause a heart attack, shaking, and even causes death. During surgery, the tools used might cause birth in the future can also occur. Oac oby) Author Roger W. Harms tells us in his article, â€Å"Getting Pregnant† about how â€Å"Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, preterm birth, or low birth weight in future babies are other possibilities. Placenta Previa is when the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, which can cause evere bleeding before or during delivery. † (Harms) Author Jacoby also states that, A medical abortion is another form of abortion by taking a pill. This method seems very easy but has basically the same amount of effects as surgical abortion. Long- term side effects are sometimes also including abnormal side effects in the future and it has also been researched that women who have had an abortion have higher chances of getting breast cancer in the future. People see abortion as a way to get rid of their problems but this theory has been proven wrong. Oacoby) Abortion not nly affects a woman physically but also affects her emotionally and mentally. The result of killin g somebody who has not even been seen is very depressing and can result in life being completely changed. The mother is one of the most important people in making the decision about abortion; however she is not the only important person. The father was half of the reason the pregnancy came about. Without the father, there would be no pregnancy. Author Annie McElfresh tells us in her article, â€Å"Emotional Side Effects of an Abortion,† that â€Å"Most couples experience many of the effects of grief and loss together. The emotional and mental effects that leave a mark on women can be the same for men. † (McElfresh) The Abortion Recovery International Inc. ells us in their article, â€Å"The Impact of Abortion on Men,† that, Men are usually left standing in the shadows. Their suffering is more ‘silent’ than the mothers. A few different effects that men experience than women are anger and they may even become reckless in their behavior. Some men are e ven in denial of the whole abortion experience. They may not realize that the abortion is the reason for the feelings they are experiencing. Some men will draw themselves socially away rom others allowing it to bottle up and eat them away inside. Our culture shows us that men should be strong and courageous. Men are not known to be the ones to show their emotions, this being another reason they do not come out and open up with how they are truly feeling. They do not want to come off as weak. This is a common pattern with post abortion fathers. (Abortion Recovery International Inc) Many people do not realize that abortion does not need to be an option. According to the Minnesota Citizens Concerned for life, â€Å"Only 69% of all women want to know the alternatives to an abortion. (Minnesota Citizens) There are other options. Adoption is an alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result of not having to raise that child for the rest of someone’s life. It is still giv ing the innocent child the chance at life. Linda Lowen also tells us that â€Å"With the 15 million American families wanting to adopt a child, there is no such thing as an unwanted child. † (Lowen) If people are old enough to involve themselves in sexual intercourse, they should be old enough to understand what comes out of it. There are many obvious ways to prevent pregnancy before the situation comes to making a crisis ecision of whether or not to keep or abort a child. Every person has or had a family or people who are close to them. Can you imagine not having that special person in your life because their parents chose not to give them their life, or watching a loved could have debated whether or not to have them. To put a loved one’s life in perspective brings this topic a little closer to heart. Don’t take away someone’s someday loved one. Don’t watch that loved one suffer because they didn’t have that baby. The psychological effects of an abortion affect the mother, father and society and therefore abortions should be illegal in the United States. Work Cited Abortion Recovery International Inc. â€Å"The Impact of Abortion on Men. † Airn Care Directory Line. 2008-2009. web 3 May, 2013. Agresti, Coyne, James C. â€Å"Negative Mental Health Effects of Abortion. † Psychology Today. 24 Oct, 2011. Web 7 May, 2013. http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-skeptical- sleuth/201110/negative-mental-health-effects-abortion Harms, Roger W. â€Å"Getting Pregnant. † Mayo Clinic. 10 Aug, 2012. Web 6 May, 2013. Jacoby, Christopher. â€Å"Side Effects of Abortion. † Health Guidance. Web 3 May, 2013. Kimport, Katrina, Kira Foster, and Tracy Weitz. â€Å"Social Sources of Women’s Emotional Difficulty After Abortion: Lessons from Women’s Abortion Narratives Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. † Wiley Online Library. 2011. 43(2):103-109, dot: 10. 1363/4310311 Lowen, L inda. â€Å"10 Abortion Arguments† Women’s Issues. 2013. Web 7 May, 2013. Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. â€Å"United States Abortion Statistics. † MCCL. 2012. web 3 May, 2013. McElfresh, Annie. â€Å"Emotional Side Effects of an Abortion. † Livestrong. 28 March, 2011. web 3 May, 2013. O’Hagan, Eimear and Ruth Kelly. â€Å"What WE Think of Abortion by the Women Who Had Them. † Mail online. 13 sep, 2007. web 2 May, 2013. 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NAFTA and Globalization essays

NAFTA and Globalization essays Globalization over the past twenty has become an issue in many countries. This industrialization of second and third world countries by Western Civilization creates many opportunities for the inhabitants. Not only does it expand trading markets, but also promotes productivity and efficiency; thus improving the country and integrating it into the industrial world. This process not only benefits third world counties, but also industrialized nations by allowing them to export goods to the developing world and increase their profit margin. East Asia and Latin America seem to benefit most from this. The East Asian economy has developed the fastest with an annual growth of nearly 8 percent (Stand 43 4). This has been achieved through maintaining economic stability and production output. However, western influence in some ways has harmed the culture within these countries, many of them now talk of returning to their roots through Asianization or Islaminization. Many of these people feel that western influence has stripped away values and hindered their cultural growth. With the rise of international industries such as McDonalds, Wal-Mart and K-mart western culture has invaded the world in an attempt to modernize these countries that could very well do with out. CEOs may think that they are helping by providing jobs and easy access to goods, but with this help there is also the price of destroying values and exploiting workers. They attempt to Americanize these people and enforce our values upon them. With the rise of industrialization, the question of free trade has arisen. Free trade is the elimination of taxes, tariffs and quotas over international borders. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), consisting of Mexico, the USA and Canada, creates the largest free-trading zone in the world (Stand 51 1). Does NAFTA help or harm an economy is one of the most poignant questions? The Mexican economy seems to...

Research Methodology for Fair trade products as a means of increasing Essay

Research Methodology for Fair trade products as a means of increasing consumer confidence in the Contract Catering sector - Essay Example A research design may be either qualitative or quantitative. The methodology is an explanatory of the procedure connect in the field of the consumer behaviour with respect to fair trade products in the contract catering sector of the hospitality industry. This methodology is the way to analytically solve the troubles that are in involved in the research. The methodology is evaluated by the analyst and the outsiders are not involved in the assortment of the methodology. For the outstanding research the methodology should be systematic, logical, empirical and replicable. The role of fair trade products in securing customer confidence in the contract catering sector is very high. Quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted in conducting the research process. The contextual background was identified and the priority areas were discussed. Research was conducted in schools, universities and offices to understand the customer’s confidence in the use of fair trade products. â€Å"The consumers are critics are proposing several schemes which, includes "fair trade" coffee, using of fresh quality standards in restricting imports.† (Kelly 2010). The research methods included both quantitative and qualitative methods. â€Å"Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are both subsumed under scientific inquiry, yet they characterize a distinction between purely qualitative and purely quantitative methods.† (Newman & Benz 1998, p.17). Research shows that â€Å"Everyone in the â€Å"value chain† benefits from fair trade.† (Who benefits from fair trade? 2010) from the producers to the consumers. â€Å"Products certified with the fair trade logo guarantee strict standards worldwide on certain environmental, labor and remuneration aspects.† (Chen et al., 2009, p. 67). Research Methodology is â€Å"the section of a research proposal in which the methods to be used are described. The

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management - Essay Example So what challenges do international firms face in a global marketplace? What is the nature, and role of INRP that impact international businesses? This essay explores the diverse elements of INRP in terms of the political, economic, cultural, ethical, and social environment prevalent in different countries; and analyses their impact on businesses with examples drawn from different countries, and trade. This paper concludes with a concise summary of the emerging global challenges to international trade, and business imperatives to overcome them. Globalization has wide encompassing connotations. Whilst the economic integration of businesses has rapidly grown, the political, social, and cultural interfaces across the borders continue to pose challenges to international trade. With maturing economy, institutional transformations become inevitable. In the nascent or emerging phases, economies are often unpredictable and volatile (Meyer, 2001, pp. 357-367). Managing investment and capital in such a market without an understanding of the economic regulations, and trade practices, could turn nightmarish. Scott (2002) categorized the governing institutions as â€Å"regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive.† Formal institutions are often characterized by rules, policies, and enforcement laws. Informal institutions on the other hand, are woven around norms, values, and mental models peculiar to a particular geographic region, or country (North, 1994). Such classifications are often useful in international business management for purposes of market analyses. Five decades ago, Hall (1960, pp. 87-96) enunciated five factors that affect bonding of global businesses, which are relevant even in modern day times. Brief interpretations from Hall’s article in the Harvard Business review are summarised below:- Nuances of time: Time has its own silent interpretations across national boundaries. For instance, a delay

Review of the literature on risk management

Review of the literature on risk management This chapter reviews the literature on the risk management and corporate governance in the banking sector. Part of the literature also attempts to provide a relationship between the independence and financial knowledge of the board of directors and audit committee, and risk management practices by referring to both empirical and analytical research. 2.1 Risk Management in the banking sector When discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk, it is important to have a consistent definition of the term risk. Risk can be defined as the volatility of a corporations market value. Risk management involves the protection of a firms assets and profits. Moreover, not only does it provide profitability but also other advantages like being in line with obedience function toward the rule, increasing the firms reputation and opportunity to attract more customers in building their portfolio of fund resources. Cebenoyan and Strahan (2004) suggest that [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the benefits of advances in risk management in banking may be greater credit availability, rather than reduced risk in the banking system (p.19). This means that banks will have a greater opportunity to increase their productive assets and profit. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. They can follow a four-step routine to red uce their risk exposures and achieve their risk management objectives, as shown below. Figure 1-Steps for implementing risk management To properly manage risks, banks must firstly identify and classify the sources from which risk may arise at both transaction and portfolio levels. Risks inherent in lending activities include market risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and operational risk. Market risk is the risk resulting from adverse movements in the level of market prices of equities, currencies, interest rate instruments and commodities. Banks are always facing the risk of losses in on and off-balance-sheet positions arising from undesirable market movements. Banks are inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk due to their fundamental role of transforming of short-term deposits into long-term loans. The FSA has defined liquidity risk as: The risk that a firm, though solvent, either does not have sufficient financial resources available to enable it to meet its obligations as they fall due, or can secure them only at an excessive cost. Another risk that banks face is credit risk. It is the risk that can be incurred if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations in a timely manner. Loans are the most palpable source of credit risk in many of the banking systems; however, other sources of this risk originate through other activities of banks such as acceptances, trade financing, interbank transactions, financial futures, foreign exchange transactions, swaps, equities, options, bonds, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions. Operational risk, as its name suggests, is a risk arising from execution of a companys business functions. The Basel Committee has defined operational risk as: the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or external events, such as the failure of computer systems or error and fraud on the part of staff. Apart from those risks mentioned above, the Federal Reserve System has also recognised two other risks: legal risk and reputational risk. Legal risk is the risk of loss caused by sanctions or penalties originating from court disputes due to breach of contract and legal obligation. Another legal risk relates to regulatory risk, i.e., the risk of loss resulting from sanctions and penalties pronounced by a regulatory body. Reputational risk may be defined as the risk of loss caused by a negative impact on the market positioning of the bank. It can be seen as the blowing up of an initial loss, arising from credit, market, liquidity or operational risks. However, banks hardly pay attention to these categories of risks. Once identified, the risks should be evaluated to determine their impact on the companys profitability and capital. This entails measuring them by using various techniques ranging from simple to sophisticated ones. For example, market risk can be measured by using Value at Risk. This stage also calls for estimating three dimensions of each exposure: the potential frequency of losses that exposures have produced or may produce, the potential impact on the organisation if a loss should occur and the potential variation in losses that will occur during the exposure period. Accurate and timely measurement of risk is necessary because with these types of data the risk manager can determine which exposes are most serious and which deserve the most immediate attention. After measuring risk, bank managers should establish and communicate risk limits through policies, standards, and procedures that define responsibility and authority. These limits should serve as a means to control the risks associated with the banking institutions activities. There is a variety of mitigating tools that banks may employ to minimise the loss exposures. These tools may be diversification, securitization and even derivative such as withdrawal option, Bermudan-style return put option, return swap, return swaption and liquidity option. The final step involves appraising the operation of the program regularly to be sure that it is achieving planned results. It helps the managers to evaluate the wisdom of their decision-making. To efficiently monitor risk, all material risk exposures should be identified and measured again. To facilitate this procedure, banks should put in place an effective management information system (MIS) that will provide directors and senior managers with timely reports on the operating performance, financial condition and risk exposure of the firm. If corrective action is indicated at this stage, the first three steps should be repeated. 2.1 Corporate Governance in the banking sector Corporate governance is a term that is now universally invoked wherever business and finance are discussed. Its purpose is to coordinate a conflict of interest among all parties relationship within the company and to develop a system that can reduce or eliminate the agency problems arising from the separation of ownership and control (OECD, 1997). Agency problem occurs when the agents of an organization (e.g. management) use their power to satisfy their own interests rather than those of the principals (e.g. shareholders). It may also refer to simple disagreement between agents and principals. For example, the board of directors may disagree with shareholders on how to best invest the companys assets, especially when the board of directors wishes to invest in securities that would favour their interests. Not merely does the term corporate governance carries different interpretations, its analysis also involves diverse disciplines and approaches. One of the most quoted definitions of corporate governance is the one given by Shleifer and Vishny (1997): corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assures themselves of getting a return on their investment. The Cadbury Report, however, defined corporate governance as the system by which companies are directed and controlled (para 2.5). Additionally, it recognised that a system of good governance allows the board of directors to be free to drive their companies forward, but exercise that freedom within a framework of effective accountability (para 1.1). The Hampel Report, whilst accepting the Cadbury definition of corporate governance, also noted that the single overriding objective of companies is the preservation and the greatest practical enhancement over time of their shareholders investment ( para 1.16). In a similar vein, Charkham (1994) identified two basic principles of corporate governance: That management must be able to drive the enterprise forward free from undue constraint caused by government interference, fear of litigation, or fear of displacement. That this freedom- to use managerial power or patronage- must be exercised with a framework of effective accountability. Nominal accountability is not enough. In the banking sector, however, corporate governance differs greatly with other economic sectors in terms of broader extent of claimants the banks assets and funds. In manufacturing corporations, the issue is to maximise the shareholders value but in banking, the risk involved for depositors assumes greater importance due to the fact that almost every bit of banks investment are financed by the depositors funds. If it goes bankrupt, it will be depositors savings that the bank will lose. Indeed, Macey and OHara (2001) states that a broader view of corporate governance should be adopted in the case of banking institutions, arguing that because of the peculiar contractual form of banking, corporate governance mechanisms for banks should encapsulate depositors as well as shareholders. Arun and Turner (2003) also support this argument. Furthermore, the involvement of government in the banking sector is discernibly higher compared to other economic sectors due to the larger interests of th e public (Caprio and Levine, 2002; Levine, 2004). Rational depositors require some form of guarantee before depositing their wealth in banks. Yet, it is relatively difficult for banks to provide these guarantees to them because communicating the value of a banks loan portfolio is quite impossible and very costly to reveal. As a consequence of this asymmetric information problem, bank managers can have an incentive to invest in riskier assets than they promised they would ex ante. To assure depositors that they will not expropriate them, banks could make investments in brand-name or reputational capital (Klein, 1974; Gorton, 1994; Demetz et al, 1996; Bhattacharya et al, 1998), but these schemes give depositors little confidence, especially when contracts have a finite nature and discount rates are sufficiently high (Hickson and Turner, 2003). The opaqueness of banks also makes it very costly for depositors to constrain managerial discretion through debt covenants (Capiro and Levine, 2002, p.2). As such, government interventions provide the lacking assurance to economic agents in the form of deposit insurance. Nevertheless, although the government provides deposit insurance, bank managers still have an incentive to opportunistically increase their risk-taking, but now it is mainly at the governments expense. Apart from supporting the argument that a broader approach to corporate governance should be adapted to banking institutions, Arun and Turner (2003) also argue that government intervention do restrain the behaviour of bank management. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has defined the governance in banks as the methods and approaches used to manage banks through the board of directors and senior management which determine how to put the banks objectives, operation and protect the interests of shareholders and stakeholders with a commitment to act in accordance with existing laws and regulations and to achieve the protection of the interests of depositors. The Table 1 below shows the general principles concerning corporate governance issued by the Basel Committee specifically for bank boards and senior management. Principle 1 Board members should be qualified for their positions, have a clear understanding of their role in corporate governance and be able to exercise sound judgment about the affairs of the bank. Principle 2 The board of directors should approve and oversee the banks strategic objectives and corporate values that are communicated throughout the banking organisation. Principle 3 The board of directors should set and enforce clear lines of responsibility and accountability throughout the organisation. Principle 4 The board should ensure that there is appropriate oversight by senior management consistent with board policy. Principle 5 The board and senior management should effectively utilise the work conducted by the internal audit function, external auditors, and internal control functions. Principle 6 The board should ensure that compensation policies and practices are consistent with the banks corporate culture, long-term objectives and strategy, and control environment. Principle 7 The bank should be governed in a transparent manner. Principle 8 The board and senior management should understand the banks operational structure, including where the bank operates in jurisdictions, or through structures, that impede transparency (i.e. know-your-structure). Table 1- Principles of corporate governance for bank boards and senior management 2.2 Corporate Governance Mechanism According to agency theory, the corporate governance mechanisms reduce the agency problem between investors and management (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Gillan, 2006). Traditionally, these mechanisms can be classified as internal and external. Llewellyn and Sinha, (2000) states that internal corporate governance is about mechanism for the accountability, monitoring, and control of a firms management with respect to the use of resources and risk taking. Its main mechanisms are the board of directors, the ownership structure of the firm and the internal control system (Gillan, 2006). Whereas, external corporate governance controls encompass the controls external stakeholders exercise over the organisation and its primary external mechanisms are the takeover market and the legal/regulatory system. However for the purpose of this paper, we will mainly focus on some internal corporate governance mechanism such as the board of directors, more precisely on its independence and financial knowledge. Corporate governance best practices have also stressed in particular the key role played by the audit committee in reviewing a firms internal control system. Internal control systems contribute to the protection of shareholders interests by providing reasonable assurance on the reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness of operations and compliance with laws and regulations (COSO, 1994; 2004). As such, we will also draw some attention on the audit committee. 2.3 The boards independence The popular media as well as corporate governance experts have characterised boards largely as rubber stamps for management. They are the link between the shareholders of the firm and the managers entrusted with undertaking the day-to-day operations of the organisation (Monks and Minow, 1995; Forbes and Milliken, 1999). As stated in principle 4 above, bank boards should properly supervise the work of managers. Which type of directors can perform better this duty than independent director? In fact, such directors can bring additional experience as well as clarity of thought to deliberations independent of views of management. Moreover, since their careers are not tied to the firms CEO, outside directors are believed to be more powerful in keeping efficiently the firms top management (Fama, 1980; Fama and Jensen, 1983) and so could be associated with better performance. Some papers do support this theory. Baysinger and Butler (1985), being among the first studies, find that the relative independence of boards has a positive effect on the firms average return on equity by comparing 266 major US businesses over a ten-years period. Kesner (1987); Weisbach (1988); Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990); Peace and Zahra (1992); Ezzamel and Watson (1993); MacAvoy and Millstein (1999); Brown and Caylor (2004) and Ho (2005) also show that shareholder returns are enhanced by having a greater proportion of outside directors on the board. Research by Brickley, Coles, and Terry (1994) shows significantly higher returns to firms announcing poison pill  [1]  when outside directors dominate the board. Other studies supporting the benefit of the boards independence are Dechow and Sloan (1996); Beasely (1996) and Klein (2002) who state that as outside membership on the board increases the likelihood of financial statement fraud decreases. There is also Black et al. (2006) who reports that firms with 50% outside directors have approximately 40% higher share price by studying 515 Korean firms. And more recently, Staikouras C. K., Staikouras P. K. and Agoraki M. K. (2006) find that the percentage of independent directors is positively related with performance measured by Tobins Q on a sample of European banks. On the other hand, others find no convincing evidence that the level of outside directors on the board do add value to corporate performance. For instance, Fosberg (1989) finds that firms whose board is composed of a majority of outside directors do not have a higher performance as measured by the firms ROE or sales. Similarly, Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) find that non-executive directors have no impact on corporate performance in their sample of 142 NYSE firms. Pearce (1983) also find no relationship, as too Changanti et al. (1985) in their study of board composition and bankruptcy. The lack of relation between these two components has also been confirmed by Klein (1998), Bhagat and Black (2002) and Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004). Other scholars refuting the effectiveness of outside directors on the board are Subrahmanyam et al. (1997) and Harford (2000) for the acquisition transactions, Core et al. (1999) for CEO compensation and Agrawal and Chadha (2005) for earnings restatements . It is normally the board of directors which overviews and approves the risk management policies. But, few papers have tried to link its independence to the firms risk management practices and hedging. By analysing a sample of bank holding companies, Whidbee and Wohar (1999) find that the likelihood of using derivatives seem to increase with the presence of external directors on the board but only when insiders hold a large proportion of the firms shares. Borokhovich et al. (2004) demonstrate that firms most active in hedging risk, especially when making use of interest rate derivatives usage, are those whose boards are dominated by external directors. Conversely, Dionne and Triki (2004); Mardsen and Prevost (2005) point out that outside directors has no impact on the firms risk management policy. Given the mixed empirical findings, it is quite difficult to assert whether the board independence contribute to corporate performance and the effectiveness of risk management. Although Fields and Keys (2003) assert that there is overwhelming support for independent directors providing superior monitoring and advisory functions to the firm, a unique and clear sign concerning the effect of the boards independence on any decision including the risk management one could not be predicted. 2.4 The financial knowledge of the board To adequately perform their supervision role, the board of directors must have financial knowledge  [2]  . Indeed, when board members are generalists and lack the technical financial knowledge to understand the complicated reports presented to them, they could vote for motions that increase the risks facing of the firm to a large extent. The company may collapse in this way and therefore hinder the shareholders interest. Because of the banks dominant position in the economy; they should possess some financial expertise directors on its board so as to make better decisions that will not lead the firm to go bankrupt. However, given its importance, the research on the value of the boards financial knowledge is quite scarce. At times, reports recognising the benefits of the boards independence also recommend financial literacy/expertise for directors in monitoring the firms performance. In fact, Booth and Deli (1999) and Guner, Malmendier and Tate (2004) suggest that commercial bankers on boards provide the financial skill needed to enable the business to contract more debt. Thus, this states that financial directors do add value to the firm. There is also Agrawal and Chadha (2005) who discover that there is lower earnings restatement in firms whose boards have accounting or financially knowledgeable independent directors. However, Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) provide evidence that positive abnormal returns associated with the addition of an outsider to the board are higher when the latter is an officer of a financial firm. Later on, Lee, Rosenstein and Wyatt (1999) do come to the same conclusion. However, they were unable to make any statistically difference among the reaction of the three categories of financial directors they consider: commercial bankers, insurance company officers and investment bankers. To the best of our knowledge, researches on the boards financial knowledge have only been related with the firms performance and not specifically on its impact on risk management practices. As mentioned earlier in this study, the board of directors is usually responsible for the firms risk management policies. In other words, risk management is at the core of any board members charter. Financially knowledgeable directors will obviously make better decisions on risk management practices since they will have the technical background to understand the sophisticated tools involved in risk management transactions. As such, firms whose boards are composed of financially knowledgeable directors engage more actively in risk management. 2.5 The audit committee The audit committee is intended to provide a link between the board and the auditor independent of the companys management, which is responsible for the accounting system (IOD, 1995). The chief objectives of an audit committee are to improve the quality of financial reporting, to reduce the potential authority for the non-executive director, to improve the channel of communication with the external auditor and, perhaps most importantly, to review the adequacy of the companys financial control systems. Tricker (1984) defines audit committee as being an important vehicle for ensuring the supervision and accountability at board level. As such, audit committees are very important in banking to safeguard the shareholders interest as well as the public trust. Just as for the board of directors, independence is also considered important for an audit committee because outside directors can exercise their voice and be seen to make a valuable contribution since they are free of any influence arising from the firms CEO. Thus, the reported empirical evidence supports this argument. Klein (2002) shows that independent audit committees reduce the likelihood of earnings management, thus improving transparency. In addition, Abbott, Park and Parker (2002) argue that firms with audit committees comprising entirely of independent directors are less likely to have fraudulent or misleading reporting. Ho (2005) states that there is a strong positive link between independent audit committee and corporate competitiveness and also with return on equity after analyzing the international companies from 1997to 1999. Brown and Caylor (2004) do provide evidence that audit committees comprising of independent directors are positively related to dividend but not t o operating performance. On the other hand, some authors find a negative relationship or simply no relation at all between independent audit committee and the firms performance. Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004) prove that the firms performance measured by the market to book ratio is not affected by the proportion of outside directors sitting on the audit committee. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) do come to the same conclusion by indicating that independent audit committee members are unrelated to earnings restatement. There are also Beasley (1996) who finds no apparent correlation between audit committees composition and financial statement fraud, and Klein (1998) who reports no relation between share prices and the audit committees composition. Yet, Carcello and Neal (2000) report a negative relationship between the probability of receiving a going-concern report and the proportion of outsiders on the audit committee. In addition to independence, the accounting and financial expertise of members of the audit committee has also received widespread attention from the media and regulators  [3]  . An audit committee with such characteristics is expected to provide effective monitoring as it possesses the skills needed to understand what is going on in the organisation. Interestingly, Agrawal and Chadha (2005) show that firms whose audit committees have an outside director with accounting background or financial knowledge are less likely to report earnings restatement while Abbott, Parker and Peters (2002) discover that the absence of a financially competent director on the audit committee is highly associated with an increased in financial misstatement and financial fraud. Xie, Davidson, and DaDalt (2003) find that the presence of investment bankers on the audit committee decreases discretionary accruals in a firm. Davidson et al. (2004) and Defond, Hann and Hu (2004) show that the market has a po sitive reaction following the announcement of directors with accounting /auditing experience on audit committees board. The audit committee is also responsible for evaluating the risk exposures and the measures taken to monitor and control these exposures. To our knowledge no paper has tried to link audit committees composition with risk management practices. Because of the mixed and conflicting argument on independence, it is quite difficult for us to attest whether audit committees independence encourage more corporate hedging. Furthermore, risk evaluation and risk management tools are quite difficult to use and thus understanding them requires a good grasp of mathematics and statistics. As such, we expect firms whose audit committees members are qualified as accounting/financial expert to engage more actively in risk management practices. Besides independence and accounting/financial knowledge, the Cadbury Report has insisted that all listed companies should have an audit committee comprising of at least three members. This is to urge firms to devote significant director resources to their audit committees so that audit committees monitor the firms management more efficiently. However, several studies support the idea that larger boards can be dysfunctional since they may be plagued with free rider, communication problem and monitoring problems  [4]  . Therefore, as long as the increase in the audit committees size does not pose these types of problems, firms complying with this requirement are expected to report a higher hedging ratio. Often, corporations, especially financial ones, create another committee named risk monitoring committees. This type of committee is often responsible of the risk monitoring of the firm. However, this does not imply that audit committee is no longer responsible for evaluating and managing risks. It must still discuss and evaluate risk management processes. In other words, the audit committee is there to review risk management processes proposed by the risk management committee. As such, we assume that the same characteristics as the audit committee should be applied to this type of committee to fulfil their duties well.

P1 Unit 4 Health and Social Level 3

Childhood The childhood development of the individual followed the normal development patterns that are expected. In the childhood stage the individual development changed rapidly and their ability to be active and learn new skills improves on a daily basis. During childhood a child will grow steadier compared to an infant. A child’s body and organs size grows at a steady pace. By the age of 6 a child’s head will be 90% of a full adult size even though the rest of a child’s body has a lot more to grow and to develop. Related essay: Unit 4 M1: Health and Social Care, Level 3 Child Care Level 2 AssignmentsUntil a child reaches late childhood, and entering adolescence, an individual’s reproductive organs are still not fully developed. Infants and children can suffer from delayed development. This could cause potential effects and risks on a person’s development. This can happen in the first 5 years of a child’s life and this can be cause by brain damage, poor or no interaction with care givers, diseases, learning or behavioural disabilities, visual or hearing disabilities. The factors mentioned can cause a child to suffer from delayed development.Emotional and social development in a child will change a huge amount due to their change in their daily routine when they going into education and they aren’t around their family as they are used to within infancy. From age 4-9 years old is the first social learning of social development in a child. From a young age, young child ren are emotionally attached and dependent on their care givers. The change within the introduction of school and social environments can be a struggle for some children to understand.For emotional development the key skills within childhood are understanding self and other, and is a focus within development in schools to ensure that children are aware of who they are the differences within society and other people. Imagination is used a lot in children they use it to begin to understand social situations and roles within life. Relationships within the family become more important and the child begin to have a greater understanding of feelings and emotions and are now able to talk about these feelings and have an understanding of what they mean.My client Dylan followed the normal development patterns that are expected in the childhood stage. He continued to grow and he became the tallest in his class at school. His motor skills come a lot more complex, he was learning to ride a with out stabilizers and by the age of four was able to ride his bike without stabilizers without falling off. He enjoyed playing football with friends and also really enjoyed going swimming. Dylan didn’t suffer from any delayed development and continued to grow at a normal rate through to adolescence.Dylan really enjoys going to school and his favourite subjects are science and music. He doesn’t have problems at school with learning new thing. He is really good at science and when at home Dylan also has an app that he is able to use to help with his science a little bit more. Dylan has 6 friends at school and 2 of them are his best friends. He is also really close to his dad. At school Dylan never falls out with his friends. He loves spending time with his dad and also is quite close with his sister there all enjoy going out for bike rides. Dylan doesn’t attend any after school clubs or any clubs in school time.Dylan shows his emotions so that his parents can tell w hat is wrong with him. He is now also beginning to learn to cope with their emotions so he can tell people how he is really feeling. Adolescence In the adolescence stage, individuals begin to start puberty, for an average girl this is ages 11 to 13 years old, but it varies and some may begin earlier and some may be developing late. Generally girls start puberty before boys who often start between 13 to 15 year olds. Puberty is a developmental stage which prepares the body for sexual reproduction.It is triggered by hormones and causes different changes for both girls and boys. Girl’s sexual development involves the starting of periods and the increase of emotions occurring. The formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory applies to an adolescences intellectual development which states that ‘The child begins to behave like an adult within this stage. They are going through transitions in intellectual development and the process and transition of primary to secondar y education. ’ There are various intellectual skills that an adolescent will learn within this life stage.When in the adolescent life stage, the emotional development norms for an individual is to learn their personal identity and they must leant about who they are about how to control their emotions within the change of puberty. Low self-esteem and confidence issue is often something most teenagers struggle with. With adolescence secondary learning occurs, a person’s self-worth can change within this life-stage due to the social situations that an individual had to be within, also their use of clothing, language and religion etc. The introduction of hormones can often change how teenagers see themselves.Adolescent’s independence that they go through can affect their social and emotional development. My client Stacey had her first period when she was 13. She didn’t suffer any physical or mental problems when she first started her periods. Stacey had to mo ve to a new secondary school because of her old school closing down. She enjoyed doing maths and health and social care; she was also really good at health and social care. Stacey gained lots of good qualifications to leave school with. She didn’t have any problems with the teachers or pupils but she had a problem doing science because she couldn’t get the hang off it.She planned her future while she was at school so she could get an idea of the qualification that she would require. Stacey also knew what she wanted to be when she left school, she said that she would like to become a midwife. She left school 2 years ago and went back to do another 2 years of sixth form to do health and social care and English to try and get some more qualifications. Stacey didn’t have any conflict at home with her parents. All of her family relationships are good but they have had their ups and downs. Stacey is very popular at sixth form and she had got some best friends which sh e can trust with all of her problems.She had a few groups of different friends which she can be herself around. She doesn’t have any peer influences. Adults You adults are often at peak of physical performance between the ages f 18-30. Older adults tend to lose stamina and strength as they get older, but these changes are not normally noticeable. There are a huge number of changes that are related to age and they slowly become clearer as and adult gets older. Some people cannot hear a high pitched sound as they reach there later adulthood, along with changes in mobility and hair loss.With older adults, women go through menopause and a change that occurs around the ages of 45-55 year olds is a stop in the menstrual cycle, and a large reduction of eggs within the ovaries. A decrease in progesterone and oestrogen that is produced by the ovaries, which can cause a lack of sexual interest compared to early adulthood. Older adults often gain weight due to many adults still eating t he same size portions as what they did within early adulthood but due to less physical activity taking place there is less need to take in as many calories; this can cause a risk such as diabetes and heart disease.By adulthood an individual has reached their higher training and education and will understand many life skills which will be important to their development within social situations. There are different changes for adults with their emotional development. It is a key task of early adulthood that learning to cope with emotional attachments such as a partner. The social development of an adult remains to keep a strong friendship network, for most people changed in job roles and other critical development issues, adults friendship groups can change however there are strong relationships with family members in many cases.Adults have to adapt their behaviour to arrange their time and commitments between work roles and social groups. My client Sarah told me that she was healthy and fit as a young adult and that she didn’t have any physical problems while in the young stage of her adulthood life. Sarah needs glasses and her hair is now starting to go grey. She didn’t have any physical problems whilst she as in the middle aged stage of her adulthood. When Sarah left school she went to get a job in caring for the elderly. When she got in a job the company sent her for NVQ2 training.She didn’t have any problems with learning new skills for her job. While she was working within the company she was made a senior in the years that she was working for them. Sarah has family and friends relationships. She also went to work parties with her work friends. Her hobbies are reading and swimming. She settled down when she was 17 years of age and also had her first child at 17. Sarah thought that having a child at 17 was a bit difficult but she had family who was supporting her throughout her pregnant and labour and so she coped with it.Sarah doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t have much of a social life due to a child who is 1 year old. She said that some emotional effects are things such as getting old and that 2 of her children have now left home. She also has great relationships with her grandchildren and she also gets along with on her of her eldest children who have left home. Sarah doesn’t have much of a social life now but when it is possible and she has someone to look after her younger children, she goes out and visits older family member, family friends and also old work friends. Piaget – Sensorimotor stage – birth to 1 and half / 2 years old.A child will learn to use senses and muscles without learning language. * Babies are born without the ability to sense objects. * Babies are born with a range of primitive reflexes such as the sucking reflex allowing a baby to feed. * These reflexes lead to motor actions. * The sensorimotor stage is when thinking is limited to sensing objects and performing motor actions. * Piage t believed that a baby would not have a working system for remembering words and phrases until they were about 18 months old. | The pre-operational stage- 2-7 years old.A child will thinking in language without understanding meaning of lexis. * Pre-operational means pre-logical, during this stage Piaget believed children do not understand the lexis that they use. There is no reason to speak words as there is no understanding. * Children can communicate but not with a wide understanding of words and meanings. | The concrete operational stage- 7-11 years old. The child is within school age now and logical thinking is starting to be used within practical situations. * Children can understand logical terms and phrases to gain understanding of social situations. Use of language and social behaviour skills is varied due to the range of social situations the child is within on a daily basis. | The formal operational stage- 11+ years- thinking and using logic and abstract thought processes. * The child begins to behave like an adult within this stage. They are going through transitions in intellectual development and the process and transition of primary to secondary education. * With formal logical reasoning an adult can solve complex situations within their mind. Abstract thinking allows us to think within a sufficient manner to overcome barriers. |

Nursing Ethical Values and Definitions Essay

This essay will consider ethics in nursing, discuss values and morals and how dignity and respect in patient care is influenced; considering the importance of reflection and the implications it has on effective practice from the perspective of a student nurse. The scenario â€Å"Call Me Joe† provided by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2010a) highlights concerning issues and bad practice that are happening in modern day nursing practice, and using the Driscoll and Teh (2001) reflective model: What, Now What and So What, to consider the care that Joe is receiving; considering how the nursing practice affects him directly and the implications of the nature of knowledge in nursing practice. Part of the way in which nursing practice is developed is through evidence based practice. Evidence based practice informs modern practice by using reliable, valid and relevant research and clinical experts to inform and improve nursing practice and patient care, enabling care that improves and makes a positive difference (Malloch & Porter-O’Grady 2010). It is through evidence based practice that pre-registration nurses are informed and trained and how professional development is maintained (Adams 2009). Nurses must use evidence to improve the standards of care to achieve higher standards in the nursing profession; evidence based practice improves the quality of nursing care guiding practice to ensure best practice is attained and is supported by literature and evidence (Brooker & Nicol 2003). It is evidence based practice that healthcare practitioners often draw upon to support clinically based reflections. Reflection is a process which enables healthcare professionals to improve practice through continuous monitoring (Daly et el 2010). Throughout the pre-registration nursing programme, the importance of reflection in practice is taught and is developed throughout, extending into post-registration to become a vital part of a nursing career and portfolio development. Reflection involves breaking down individual processes, considering what was successful, how practice can be enhanced and how this can be achieved; this also includes situations involving patient interaction and communication, enabling a greater understanding and an increase in self-awareness (Lundy & Janes 2009). By evaluating and reflecting, the practitioner is self-educating, improving clinical practice as well as their personal approach to nursing care that they provide; the main outcome of reflection in nursing is to improve and encourage best practice (Bulman & Schutz 2004). The Driscoll and Teh’s (2001) reflective model is made up of three parts, What, Now What and So What, and this model is appropriate to reflect upon the care that Joe is receiving as it enables the scenario to be deconstructed and analysed in detail to recognise and understand: What is wrong? So what are the implications? Now what can be done to resolve the situation? Using the model as an aid, the implications of unsatisfactory care and poor practice in the scenario can be explored and exploited to recognise that although there is a code of conduct produced by the NMC (2010b) that governs nurses, in some instances the care that is delivered fails to meet the expectations of the NMC, the patient and other professionals. WHAT?  From the scenario provided by the NMC (2010a) it is apparent that Joe lives in residential care, he is no longer able to care for himself so the decision for him to reside in the home was made; he is not unhappy about it, and feels lucky to live in there. Joe is a very proud man and until recent years was very able and self-caring. Since moving into the care home; Joe has begun to notice things about his environment, his carers and himself. Initially when Joe moved into the care home, he was mobile with a frame, as time has passed in the home Joe is no longer mobile and unable to get to toilet, reduced mobility can effect personal hygiene and toileting, but also social interactions and daily living (Brooker & Nicol 2003). Joe seems to accept his loss of mobility as part of the normal aging process; however from the scenario it is apparent that Joe now has a catheter, from which the bag does not get emptied regularly as Joe explains that it â€Å"pulls†. Joe does not complain and states â€Å"it’s just the way things are†; Joe has not recognised that he is suffering at the lack of competency of the care provider and that his needs are not being tended to and he is being neglected (Department of Health 2000). Joe then reminisces about his life before the care home; it becomes apparent that since moving into the home, Joe’s life has changed drastically; the things he used to enjoy prior to his admission are no longer considered or even talked about. He explains that when he first moved he filled in a form on which he stated his meal preferences; nevertheless this has not been acknowledged and each day Joe has porridge to eat and â€Å"lukewarm tea† to drink. This is not the only preference of Joe’s that is being overlooked. Joe explains that although his name is Joseph, he prefers to be called Joe; however it appears that the care providers do not recognise this and do not accommodate Joe’s choice, despite him requesting that they call him Joe on numerous occasions. Joe is being disrespected and his choices are not being honoured or considered; nurses should consider each patient as an individual and empathetically deliver the appropriate care (Lipe & Beasley 2004). Joe also remembers how he used to dress in his youth and through his life before entering the home. He implies he was a smart dresser and a well-kept man; even combing his hair. From Joe’s expression whilst sat, unshaven wearing his pyjamas which he implies are unclean and unchanged, it is clear that he does not feel that way anymore, he has accepted his life as it is now. He is unable to dress himself; he spends his time in his pyjamas and explains how the staff are always busy with the other residents. Joe has low self-esteem after losing his mobility and his independence, dignity and self-worth. Social role valorisation is where somebody is perceived by their role in society, a person may be deemed of value or devalue dependant on their role in society and this influences the way in which others behave towards them (Wolfensberger 2000). In social role valorisation Joe is considered to be of a lesser value, as he is elderly and can no longer care for himself, he has a low social status; this is reflected with in the scenario (NMC 2010a), Joes behaviour reflects that of little self-worth or respect, mirroring the way in which he has been treated. Through a lack of communication, it is clear that Joe feels lonely, he does not verbally communicate this but it is apparent that he feels this way: his facial expressions suggest he is unhappy, he frequently loses eye contact and sighs; frowning a lot. He is slumped in chair, his body language suggesting he lacks confidence and self-esteem. Communication is a means for a practitioner to build security and trust with a patient, begin to establish a therapeutic relationship in which important information is shared (Lloyd et al 2009), however the communication process has been ignored, Joe is uncertain of any boundaries devised, and does not want to appear as a nuisance and as a result of this he does not ask for things, voice his opinion or disclose his discomfort. Joe’s individual needs are not considered as he has minimal support in the home from staff and independence is not encouraged. Through the lack of assistance and promotion Joe has minimal mobility and is no longer able to maintain his lifestyle in a manner he deems appropriate. Nonetheless Joe is accepting of his new life; and is oblivious to the bad practice he is subjected to and the neglect he is incurring as a result. SO WHAT Ethics in nursing are centred on individual worth, respect for patients and autonomy. Individual morals impact upon ethics in nursing, considering what is right, wrong, good or bad. Morals are personal, so each individual has their own interpretation of what it right, wrong or acceptable (Rumbold 1999). The care that Joe is receiving is unacceptable, it is clear that the practitioners who provide the care either failed to consider the principles of ethics in nursing, or are influenced by ruthless morals. In nursing practice, what the nurse must and ought to do are defined by morals; the duties of a nurse involve moral and legal dimensions (Young et el 2009). Joe lacks independence, and the practitioners offer little support or opportunity to encourage and enable independence: promoting independence is an essential part of nursing practice (Alexander et el 2006); it enables the patient to feel of use and can build self-esteem, encouraging a patient to be actively involved in a task and enabling them to carry it out or assist the practitioner enables both physical and physiological independence to be achieved (Acello 2005). As a result of a lack of stimulation and social interaction, Joe has low self-esteem and little self-worth. All patients are individual and will have individual care needs. Care needs are patient specific, when providing care respect for the patient’s dignity should be anticipated, providing the patient information can help to relieve anxiety or confusion and honouring patients preferences can assist in delivering comfortable care (Gerdin et el 1997). Joe’s care is not specific to him, the care he is receiving is generalised, it is essential that the care provided is on an individual base: personalised to each patient’s specific needs (Kneedler & Dodge 1994). As a result of reduced mobility, Joe has a catheter in situ. Due to poor catheter care Joe is left in discomfort and at a higher risk of infection, all catheter bags should be emptied regularly to maintain infection control (Royal College of Nursing 2008). Joe is not considered as an individual person and his needs are not being tended to: nursing philosophy advocates patient centred care whereby the nurse establishes a rofessional relationship with the patient, treating them with dignity and respect, involving and empowering the patient allowing them to convey their needs and preferences, actively engaging the patient within their care and the decisions surrounding their care (Falvo 2011). Joe is not actively involved in his own care, he is tolerant of the care as he is lacking in dignity (NMC 2010a). It is apparent that within the home that there are issues of neglect and that Joe is the victim of neglect and possible abuse. The Department of Health (2000) describes abuse as â€Å"a violation of an individual’s human and civil rights by any other person or persons†. Joe’s individual needs are being neglected, he is suffering institutional abuse meaning that the care he is receiving is of a poor standard, and the practitioners lack in positive response to his complex needs, in the home there are rigid routines where individual needs are left unconsidered, and the practitioners with in the establishment lack knowledge (Department of Health 2000). NOW WHAT  Joe is a vulnerable adult; he is unable to take care of himself and is unable to protect himself against significant harm or exploitation (Department of Health 2000) and safeguards are necessary. Safeguarding consists of protecting and supporting vulnerable people and adults; the successful prevention of adult abuse and neglect depends on the service providers identifying and approaching the factors which contribute to the issues and result in neglect and abuse occurring, and tackling and dealing with these situations appropriately (The Association of Directors of Social Services 2005). Therefore to begin to tackle the issues raised in the scenario by the NMC (2010a) immediate positive action must be taken to assess the risks and increase the safety for the service users (The Association of Directors of Social Services 2005). Best practice as outlined by the NMC (2007) emphasises the importance of anti-discriminatory practice in promoting parity in patient care acknowledging the difference and the beliefs people have. Implementing this in the home would enable Joe to be treated as an individual and his needs and preferences accommodated. It is suggested that promoting independence in the elderly improves quality of life, and emotional wellbeing (Fisk 1986); if Joe’s independence was supported and encouraged he would become happier stable and able to continue with some level of independence and control over his life. Dignity is a human right protected by international law, all individuals are entitled to the right to life, free from torture and degrading treatment (Human Rights Act 1998) therefore Joe’s human rights, dignity and safety have been compromised. On entering the care home to protect Joe’s dignity, a care plan should have been put into place. A care plan outlines the care an individual needs; it identifies the actions the nurse must implement as per the nursing assessment (Carpetnito-Moyet 2009). Documentation should be clear and up to date (Department of Health 2010). Also a risk assessment should have been carried out to ensure Joe’s safety; recognising his mobility needs and if he is at risks of falls, reviewed and amended as necessary. Joe also needs a catheter care plan to monitor the progress of his catheter to ensure that is maintained correctly, changed regularly and to ensure that Joe is aware of personal hygiene and cleaning his catheter (Royal College of Nursing 2008). Joe’s food and fluid intake should also have been recorded to monitor his input, output and his weight, ensuring he was maintaining a healthy balance (Brooker & Nicol 2003). Having investigated, researched and reflected upon the scenario using the available material, the above should be the minimum requirement; Joe should be treated with respect, honouring his choice whilst maintaining dignity and encouraging independence for a better quality of life; whilst supporting him in establishing friendships and outside interests.